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Commercial supposedly-safe glazes leaching. A liner glaze is needed.
Three cone 6 commercial bottled glazes were layered inside this mug, which was then filled with lemon juice overnight. The whitened, altered areas show that the glaze surface has been attacked by the acid. Even if glaze A, B and C have each passed a fired-surface release test individually, A-over-B-over-C is a new fired glass composition and microstructure. The individual certifications do not logically constitute a test of that combination. The color change suggests attack on cobalt-bearing glass, but exactly what is leaching cannot be known without testing because the recipes are proprietary. For functional ware, it is better to use a stable transparent or white liner glaze whose recipe and limits are known.
When manufacturers say their products conform to standards such as ASTM D-4236, they are referring to the safety labeling of the liquid art material for the user of the product, not guaranteeing that layered fired surfaces on finished ware will be leach-resistant
Related Pictures
Commercial glazes on decorative surfaces
Your own on food surfaces
This picture has its own page with more detail, click here to see it.
These cone 6 porcelain mugs are hybrid. Three coats of a commercial glaze painted on the outside (Amaco PC-30) and my own liner glaze, G2926B, poured in and out on the inside. When commercial glazes (made by one company) fit a stoneware or porcelain (made by another company) it is by accident, neither company designed for the other! For inside food surfaces make or mix a liner glaze already proven to fit your clay body, one that sanity-checks well (as a dipping glaze or a brushing glaze). In your own recipes you can use quality materials that you know deliver no toxic compounds to the glass and that are proportioned to deliver a balanced chemistry. Read and watch our liner glazing step-by-step and liner glazing video for details on how to make glazes meet at the rim like this.
Copper is not just a pigment:
It can be a powerful flux, with consequences
This picture has its own page with more detail, click here to see it.
Left: The base recipe of GA6-C (80% Alberta Slip, 20% Frit 3134, 4% rutile). That recipe is stable; it does not run. Right: A 2% addition of copper carbonate transforms it into a runny, melt fluid glaze. It also produces a pleasant green even on this red-burning body (a good green is not easy in oxidation ceramics). Using a catch glaze (e.g. a frit-reduced version), this could be made safe on vertical surfaces. However, there are red flags here. Having only 2% copper would not destabilize a typical glaze (making it leachable). But phase separation is occurring here, likely because the base contains significant rutile. That means the phases are copper-bearing and possibly copper-concentrating. And, as noted, the copper has a greater-than-expected impact on the melt. Third, commercial variegated copper glazes can even leach in acids (as happened with the mug inset after a night with lemon juice). While the GA6-C recipe does have a 0.3:0.7 R2O:RO ratio, other indicators make it a course of wisdom to consider the GLLE test before use on functional surfaces.
Links
| Glossary |
Leaching
Ceramic glazes can leach heavy metals into food and drink. This subject is not complex, there are many things anyone can do to deal with this issue |
| Glossary |
Functional
A term used in ceramic to express the degree to which an item is safe and stands up to everyday use. Functionality embodies strength, hardness, resistance to acid attack and thermal shock, etc. |
| Glossary |
Food Safe
Be skeptical of claims of food safety from potters who cannot explain or demonstrate why. Investigate the basis of manufacturer claims and labelling and the actual use to which their products are put. |
| Glossary |
Commercial hobby brushing glazes
These are an incredible benefit to pottery beginners and pure hobbyists. But they can also be an obstacle to progress and affordability as your skills improve. |
| Glossary |
Liner Glaze
Liner-glazing is a way to assure that your ware has a durable and leach resistant surface. It also signals to customers that you care about this. |
| Tests |
Glaze Leaching Test
Simple tests to evaluate the stability of a ceramic or pottery glaze against leaching metals in food or drink. |
| URLs |
https://www.astm.org/d4236-94r21.html
ASTM D-4236 - Standard Practice for Labeling Art Materials for Chronic Health Hazards - It is not what you think! ASTM D-4236 DOES NOT establish that a fired glaze is food-safe or resistant to leaching. It is a standard for evaluating and labelling chronic health hazards associated with using the art material itself. It "applies exclusively to art materials packaged in sizes intended for individual users of any age or those participating in a small group". It "concerns those chronic health hazards known to be associated with a product or product component(s) when it is present in a physical form, volume, or concentration that in the opinion of a toxicologist has the potential to produce a chronic adverse health effect". It also admits that "since knowledge about chronic health hazards is incomplete and warnings cannot cover all uses of any product, it is not possible for precautionary labelling to ensure completely safe use of an art product" (referring to safe use of the art product, not food safety of the fired pottery made from it). It is interesting that one manufacturer displays this warning on pages relating to dipping glazes and accessory products (which are used by manufacturers): "Safety Warning: Tableware producers must test all finished ware to establish dinnerware status, due to possible variations in firing temperature and contamination." That being said, some manufacturers do test glazes and underglazes for lead and cadmium release (e.g. using ASTM C927/C738 to meet FDA dinnerware guidelines). For them, ASTM D4236 is not the evidence presented for dinnerware-safety evidence; separate fired-glaze testing is. For example, one brushing glaze label specifically says its “Food Safe” designation comes from lead/cadmium-release testing under ASTM C738-94. |
| Articles |
Where do I start in understanding glazes?
Break your addiction to online recipes that don't work or bottled expensive glazes that you could DIY. Learn why glazes fire as they do. Why each material is used. How to create perfect dipping and brushing properties. Even some chemistry. |
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