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Monthly Tech-Tip from Tony Hansen SignUpFeb 14-15, 2026 - Major Server Upgrade Done

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A comparative glaze opacity test in a tile lab:

The way to minimize Zircon

Strips of the same glaze recipe, each containing different percentages of zircon opacifier, have been applied across both a dark-burning body and a white engobe. While it is difficult to measure the absolute degree of opacity from a photo like this, the side-by-side comparison makes differences easy to see. Tests like this demonstrate that simple visual comparisons can often be as useful as instrument measurements when evaluating glaze opacity. Colorimeters measure Lab* color values, not opacity directly. This test is really about visual hiding power, which instruments don't always capture well.

In this case the technician may be trying to determine how to achieve the required whiteness at minimum cost. Both the engobe and glaze contain zircon. The whiter the engobe the less opacifier is required in the glaze over it. Zircon is an expensive material, and reducing the total needed by even by 1% can make a significant difference in production cost.

The same test method can also be used to compare different brands of zircon opacifier in the same recipe.

A subtle aspect can be noted by coverage on the dark body: Opacity differences there become visible, whereas on the white engobe, differences almost disappear. Where an engobe is not to be used, an effective tweak is to add a thin black line under the glaze, then the lowest zircon level that hides the line becomes obvious.

A comparative glaze opacity test in a tile lab: The way to minimize Zircon

Related Pictures

DIY the commercial glaze on mug #1:

You must consider five factors to make it work


This picture has its own page with more detail, click here to see it.

The mug on the left, #1, is a commercial brushing glaze. It is opaque enough to cover this red-burning clay body. It shows the desired effect. That depends on the fact that opaque glazes stretch thinner on the sharp edges of incised designs. If they have enough melt mobility and are applied right, the effect is amplified. This potter is attempting to mix her own DIY equivalent as a dipping glaze, adding 4% tin oxide to a transparent base glaze in #2 and zircon (a higher percentage) in #3. As you can see, the effect is not working as well, and there are several reasons:

#2 is whiter because it uses tin oxide as the opacifier (vs. zircon, likely used in #1). #2 and #3 have less melt fluidity; the base is likely G2926B. #1 was applied by brush, the others using a dipping glaze. Matching the original involves a combination of things: A base having more flux (especially B2O3) is needed (e.g. G3806C). Careful control of application thickness. The right percentage of opacifier. And, it may be necessary to mix the DIY version as a brushing glaze, that method of application might be needed to get the careful control of thickness and thickness variation needed.

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Glossary Opacity
Opacity of ceramics glazes is normally achieved by adding an opacifier like tin oxide or zircon. However, there are chemical profiles that can turn transparent glazes milky and make it cheaper to opacify them.

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