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Four boron frits with vastly different melting:

Knowing about this could debubble your clear glaze.

Industry, late-melting glazes are a must for fast fire because there is no time for glazes to debubble. The later they melt (while still melting well at the target temperature), the more LOI gases of decomposition (generated by the body, glaze materials, glaze & body additives) can be expelled first. What about potters? These melt flow tests are of specific interest to anyone making clear glazes using frit 3134. They compare four common Ferro products fired to 1750F: Frit 3249 (29% B₂O₃), frit 3124 (14% B₂O₃), frit 3195 (23% B₂O₃) and frit 3134 (23% B₂O₃). Surprisingly, the one having the most B₂O₃ starts melting the latest (more than 200F after 3134), this is because of the amount of MgO in the formula. So, if your transparent glaze contains any MgO (G2926S, for example, contains 0.15 molar), the more that can be supplied using this (instead of 3134), the later the glaze will melt. Likewise, frit 3124 is a better choice than 3134 in cases where the percentage of clay can be reduced (since it supplies much more Al₂O₃). Glazes containing high percentages of feldspar are least likely to benefit because the main alternative source of KNaO is frit 3110, and it melts even sooner than 3134 (an exception is cases where the glaze also has high MgO and B₂O₃).

Related Pictures

Why so many bubbles in a fritted cone 6 glaze?

This picture has its own page with more detail, click here to see it.

This is a cone 6 transparent fritted glaze (converted from a Gerstley Borate one). Its B₂O₃ content is high, sourced by Ferro Frit 3134. Bubbles like this plague many potters, many just keep trying new glazes until one works, or give up on never finding one.

The first obvious problem is the frit, it starts melting at 1350°F, while plenty of gases are still being generated. Such a bubble-trapper is a non-starter in an industrial continuous fast-fire kiln. They need late melters. But potters have flexible firing, so what could be done? The firing could be slowed down, leading up to 1350. It could be held at top temp, then either slow cooled or a drop-and-hold.

And the recipe?

Notice the big bubbles; they started as little ones that merged. Given enough time, big ones break at the surface, but only under the right conditions: Low enough melt viscosity and surface tension. That's not happening. Strangely, old recipes sourcing high boron from Gerstley Borate had surprisingly few problems with bubbles! Why? GB was its own fining agent. And its boron entered the melt much later than this frit. Plus, the melt developed unevenly, creating localized channels and variable viscosity zones for easier bubble escape. The larger bubbles could better move laterally by combinations of surface tension, layer thickness and temperature gradients, and downward movement that created shear. A frit is missing all of that.

Let's assume this glaze melt has high surface tension. It pulls liquid inward around each bubble, stabilizing them round and making rupture more difficult. But, if surface tension drops, even slightly, bubbles deform more easily and adjacent ones merge. What could help? Industrial technicians have found that surprisingly small changes can really help with bubble release.

-A small SiO₂ or Al₂O₃ addition can delay surface sealing or change viscosity timing.
-Sourcing the CaO from wollastonite can help bubble coalescence and reduce melt surface tension.
-Zinc oxide often changes surface behavior more than expected. As little as 2% can alter the viscosity curve, surface tension and melt interface properties, weakening bubble walls and improving near-surface rupture.
-Although MgO stiffens the melt somewhat, it also changes bubble wall elasticity; even small additions can help bubbles merge better.

As usual with solutions found here, methodical testing is needed to find the best answer.

Videos

Links

Glossary	Fast Fire Glazes Industrial ceramics are fired very quickly and require minimal micro bubbles and zero pinholes and blisters. Fast fire late melting glazes accomplish that.
Glossary	Glaze Bubbles Suspended micro-bubbles in ceramic glazes affect their transparency and depth. Sometimes they add to to aesthetics. Often not. What causes them and what to do to remove them.

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