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2% Copper carbonate in two cone 6 transparents:

One does not bubble and orange-peel. Why?

The top base glaze, G2926B, has enough melt fluidity to produce a brilliant functional gloss when used as a transparent. However, for this 2% copper carbonate addition, it has too little melt fluidity and/or too much surface tension to merge, pass and heal the entrained micro-bubbles (generated by the decomposition of the carbonate).

The lower glaze, G3806B, diversifies the fluxes (half the B₂O₃ in exchange for more Na₂O and introduction of SrO and ZnO) and increases their total compared to Al₂O₃ and SiO₂. The result is a more fluid cone 6 melt having lower surface tension. The mixed-oxide effect is also a factor here; the diversity itself improves the melt.

The above factors are enough to solve the problem here. But more can be done. More zinc (in exchange for KNaO) could produce later melting, especially in combination with sourcing some or all of the latter from a feldspar instead of the low-melting frit. The benefit would enable more gas escape until melt-sealing (and reduce the COE).

Related Pictures

A light bulb moment in solving bubble clouding:

The same black engobe with two transparent glazes.

This picture has its own page with more detail, click here to see it.

This is a buff stoneware body, Plainsman M340. A L3954F black engobe was applied inside and upper-outside at leather hard. The piece was fired at cone 6 using the PLC6DS schedule. The inside, totally clouded glaze, is G2926B. Outside is GA6-B Alberta Slip amber transparent. This inside glaze is crystal-clear on other bodies (and on this one without the black engobe). The black stain in the engobe appears to be the issue. How?

Underglazes (or engobes) become a semi-dense layer and impede LOI by slowing gas diffusion. If the glaze then melts early and lacks viscosity, remaining channels of escape are sealed (increasing bubbling dramatically). Double-melt interfaces can form between vitreous engobes and glaze when the former softens, the clear glaze begins melting. Gases get trapped at the boundary, being generated at the exact wrong time during the firing.

Look at the outside amber transparent glaze, GA6-B. Although also early melting and on the same engobe, it has very little micro-bubble clouding! Why? It contains a lot of Alberta Slip, a material that is not finely ground like others. Particles across the range from 60-200 mesh are present; these are likely acting as a fining agent that enables bubble merging. The larger bubbles break at the surface because of sufficient melt mobility and lower melt surface tension.

Why this copper glaze does not micro-bubble or craze:

High cone 6 melt fluidity, low surface tension, MgO

This picture has its own page with more detail, click here to see it.

This green is not just a typical transparent cone 6 glaze with 2% copper carbonate added (and 2.5% tin oxide). That outer glossy glaze accommodates the copper without micro-bubbling or crazing because of its lower melt surface tension. In such glazes, significant MgO (a super low expansion oxide) can often be tolerated without losing gloss. This is a light bulb moment. Fully 0.15 molar of MgO are present here. This is the "matting oxide"! Yet the glaze is still hyper-glossy!

The above factors are enough. But if this were used in industry, technicians would fix additional issues: The very low initial melting temperature (from 37% very early-melting frit in the recipe). That traps LOI bubbles unnecessarily. Raising the ZnO and sourcing as much of the B₂O₃ and KNaO as possible from later melting materials and/or frits.

The porcelains are Plainsman P300 and M370. The liner glaze is G2926B, it is a gloss but has a much lower melt fluidity, it is a functional transparent whose main job is to fit the body and be hard and durable. The outer glaze is G3806C.

Underglazes require a fluid melt transparent

But extra melt fluidity comes at a cost

This picture has its own page with more detail, click here to see it.

These porcelain mugs were decorated with the same Amaco Velvet underglazes (applied at leather hard), then bisque fired, dipped in clear glaze and fired to cone 6 (using a drop-and-hold schedule). While the G2926B clear glaze (left, A) is a good glossy transparent for general use, its melt fluidity is not enough to clear the LOI micro-bubble clouds that dull the colors below (strangely, underglaze colors can generate them too). However, the G3806C recipe (right, B) has a more fluid melt, which is one factor that better enables bubble escape. Its melt also has a lower surface tension. An additional factor is thickness. A thinner layer of B would be even better (brushing glazes enable thin layering).

But B has downsides. Running is one, but not a factor here because we want it thin. Its high flux content also means it fires less durable. And, its high KNaO content raises the thermal expansion (COE) and thus the danger of crazing. Although it fits this porcelain, it crazes on others.

Videos

Links

Materials	Copper Carbonate Basic This form of copper carbonate is the article of commerce, a mixture of theoretical copper carbonate and copper hydroxide.
Materials	Zinc Oxide A pure source of ZnO for ceramic glazes, it is 100% pure with no LOI.
Materials	Copper Carbonate A source of CuO copper oxide used in ceramic glazes to produce a variety of colors (used only or with other colorants).
Glossary	Flux Fluxes are the reason we can fire clay bodies and glazes in common kilns, they make glazes melt and bodies vitrify at lower temperatures.
Oxides	ZnO - Zinc Oxide
Recipes	G3806C - Cone 6 Clear Fluid-Melt transparent glaze A base fluid-melt glaze recipe developed by Tony Hansen. With colorant additions it forms reactive melts that variegate and run. It is more resistant to crazing than others.

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