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| 515 | 516 | 517 | 518 | 519 | 520 | 521 | 522 | 523 | 524 | 525 | 526 | 527 | 528 | 530 | 500 | 501 | 502 | 503 | 504 | 505 | 506 | 507 | 508 | 509 | 511 | 487 | 488 | 489 | 491 | 492 | 495 | 496 | 499 | 458 | 456 | 360 | 294 | 293 | 415 | 416 | 404 | 402 | 397 | 398 | 401 | 396 | 377 | 386 | 372 | 369 | 368 | 358 | 344 | 353 | 355 | 321 | 322 | 325 | 319 | 257 | 8 | 13 | 14 | 271 | 272 | 33 | 289 | 34 | 35 | 296 | 44 | 45 | 86 | 98 | 100 | 106 | 117 | 139 | 145 | 159 | 182 | 183 | 184 | 185 | 210 | 211 | 212 | 216 | 222 | 223 | 235 | 239 | 240 | 243 | 246 | 248 | 250 | 3587 | 3590 | 3160

How can a refractory oxide be a flux?

Pure calcium oxide melts at about 2570C (yet typical stoneware kilns fire around 1300C!) Yet CaO is an important flux in many stoneware glazes. How is this possible? Interactions. The contribution of CaO depends on its interaction with silica, alumina and other oxides in the melt. Thus, the melting point of the pure oxide does not predict the melting temperature of a mixture containing it.

The test tiles show 2%, 5%, 10% and 15% calcium carbonate additions to Ravenscrag Slip on a buff stoneware fired at cone 10R (prepared by Kat Valenzuela). Notice the glaze gets progressively glossier toward 15% (crazing also starts at 10%).

How can a refractory oxide be a flux?

Related Pictures

Why did whiting make this Ravenscrag glaze craze?

The unexpected reason can be seen in the chemistry


Glaze chemistry explains the crazing

This picture has its own page with more detail, click here to see it.

Ravenscrag Slip used by itself as a glaze shows no crazing on this body at cone 10R. The mug in the photo was fired with a blend of 90 parts Ravenscrag Slip and 10 parts whiting (calcium carbonate). It crazed. Why would that happen when CaO has a relatively low expansion compared with Na2O and K2O?

The unity formulas show what changed. Whiting supplies CaO without supplying silica or alumina. With the fluxes normalized to one mole, SiO2 drops from 3.89 to 2.74 and Al2O3 from 0.47 to 0.33. That’s about 30% less of each relative to the total flux, even though their ratio stays at 8.3:1. The calculated expansion rises from 6.4 to 7.0, consistent with the crazing on this mug.

The 90:10 talc blend goes the other way in the calculation. Talc supplies silica along with MgO, so SiO2 drops only to 3.25. MgO also has a lower expansion contribution than CaO. The result is a calculated expansion of 6.1, below that of Ravenscrag Slip alone.

Links

Recipes GR10-A - Pure Ravenscrag Slip
Ravenscrag all by itself makes a great cone 10 reduction semi-gloss glaze. It also has great working properties.
Materials Calcium Carbonate
In ceramics, calcium carbonate is primarily a source of CaO in raw stoneware and porcelain glazes.
Oxides CaO - Calcium Oxide, Calcia

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