Same iron red glaze on black stoneware and on porcelain

The glaze is G3948A iron red fired at cone 6 using the C6DHSC schedule. The bodies are Plainsman Coffee Clay and Polar Ice (the insides are different glazes). They were in the same kiln. These mugs demonstrate how much reactive glazes can interact with the body beneath and how much that affects their fired properties, especially when they have high melt fluidity like this one. On the left the glaze is drawing color out of the body. The porcelain on the right has no color to give but it does have sodium - and it is supplying enough to act as a catalyst to the creation of the iron crystals.

Related Pictures

Additions of iron oxide are coloring, fluxing and crystallizing this base transparent

Glazes range from celadon to heavy iron crystal surface

Iron oxide is an amazing glaze addition in reduction. Here, I have added it to the G1947U transparent base. It produces green celadons at low percentages. Still transparent where thin, 5% produces an amber glass (and the iron reveals its fluxing power). 7% brings opacity and tiny crystals are developing. By 9% color is black where thick, at 11% where thin or thick - this is “tenmoku territory”. 13% has moved it to an iron crystal (what some would call Tenmoku Gold or Teadust), 17% is almost metallic. Past that, iron crystals are growing atop others. These samples were cooled naturally in a large reduction kiln using the C10RPL firing schedule, the crystallization mechanism would be heavier if it were cooled more slowly (or less if cooled faster). The 7% one in this lineup is quite interesting, a minimal percentage of cobalt-free black stain could likely be added to create an inexpensive and potentially non-leaching jet-black glossy.

A cone 10R high iron glaze has run off the vase during firing. And crystallized.

An high iron glaze has melted too much run

Iron, in the FeO form, is among the most powerful of fluxes in reduction firing. That fluxing action, dependent on the percentage of iron oxide in the recipe, produces two obvious consequences: Running (depending on the degree of reduction) and crystallization (depending on the speed of cooling and the chemistry of the glaze hosting the iron). This piece was slow-cooled during firing, resulting in total crystallization of the surface. The crystals are larger and densely packed at the neck. Their presence, as a thin surface layer, has completely matted it. And, because of the fluxing power of the FeO (present because of the reduction atmosphere in the kiln) enough glaze ran downward off the piece that it was left sitting in a pool of molten glass.

Melt flow test demonstrates glaze:clay interaction

Melt flow testers made from different clays

The melts being compared here are our code number 6998, a production run of Alberta Slip. The same sample batch and ball weight is being compared in these two flow testers fired side by side in a cone 10R kiln. Why are the flows behaving so differently? It is the clay from which the flow testers were cast. The one on the left is made from L4404A, a highly refractory casting slip. The one on the right is M370, a medium-temperature porcelain (it survives pretty well to cone 10 but is obviously very vitreous). The difference in the flows (the width and length) is a product of the interaction with the material being tested and the tester itself. On the M370 tester the flow is adhering to the clay surface so well that it has spread and thinned enough so that few bubble-breaks are visible. This interaction has even slowed the flow. But the L4404A flow tester is clearly better, minimizing interaction and better revealing the fluidity of the melt.

Iron red glaze fired at cones 6, 5 and 4

These mugs are Plainsman Coffee Clay. The glaze on all three is G3948A iron red. They were fired at cone 6, 5 and 4 using the C6DHSC schedule (adjusted for top temperature). As can be seen, the red color depends on the melt fluidity achieved at cone 6.

Links

Glossary	Reactive Glazes In ceramics, reactive glazes have variegated surfaces that are a product of more melt fluidity and the presence of opacifiers, crystallizers and phase changers.
Glossary	Body glaze Interface In ceramics, the zone of adherence between glaze to the underlying body is called the clay-glaze interface. The integrity of this interface is important to strength and functionality.
Oxides	Fe2O3 - Iron Oxide, Ferric Oxide

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