Plucking

A firing issue in ceramics where the foot rings of vitreous ware stick to the kiln shelf. Removing them leaves sharp fragments glued to the shelf.

Details

Plucking refers to the chipping away of small fragments of the base of a ceramic vessel because the piece sticks to the kiln shelf during firing. The stuck piece either pops off during kiln cooling (due to the difference in thermal expansion with the shelf) or it needs to be broken off. There are several causes. Over-firing ware to the point that body fluxes begin to bridge the gap between shelf and foot. Clays that contain soluble salts that migrate to the surface on drying and melt and glue ware to the shelf. The use of a low quality kiln wash that does not offer a powdery, non-stick surface to melted glass. Porcelains that are over-mature (having too much feldspar or other flux).

The problem can almost always be solved using quality kiln wash.

Plucking does not necessary mean that something is wrong. If you wish to fire a highly vitreous body, then it is expected that it will bond to the shelf during firing and that counter measures must be taken.

Related Information

Plucking on a vitreous porcelain at cone 6

The mug on the left is made from a whiteware body (Plainsman M370), the one on the right is a highly vitreous translucent one (Plainsman Polar Ice). Both have been over-fired slightly. The Polar Ice mug has stuck to the shelf somewhat, taking chips out of the base on the outer perimeter of the bare porcelain (a fault called Plucking). If the shelf had been better dusted with alumina powder (or a kiln wash based on it) rather than a cheap kiln wash made from a kaolin:silica mix there would have been no problem.

The foot ring on the left is plucking, the right one is not. Why?

These are translucent porcelains, they are vitreous. The firing is to cone 10. The one on the left is a cone 6 body, and, while it survives to cone 10 it does warp. But more important, it is much more vitreous (more melted). The plucking problem makes it quite difficult to get a good foot ring. The other, which has only slight plucking, is also quite vitreous (high in feldspar). The plucking problem on both can be solved by simply using a better kiln wash. What is better? More refractory, and therefore having a powdery, non-stick surface. Spend more money on your kiln wash, base it on calcined alumina or zircon.

Plucking in a cone 10R stoneware body having soluble salts

The soluble salts have formed the brown coloration on the bare clay foot ring. While the actual salts layer is very thin, it is glassy and enough to glue parts of the base to the kiln shelf (the latter did not have adequate kiln wash or sand). The glaze line is close to the foot and this complicates the problem. There are a couple of solutions. Sand the foot ring at the dry stage to remove the soluble salt layer. Use a more refractory kiln wash that offers a powdery, non-stick surface.

Even with good kiln wash plucking can sometimes occur

These were left by ware made from a cone 6 highly vitreous translucent porcelain. For that type of clay it would be advisable to set ware on a thin layer of silica sand or granular alumina.

A super-durable body does this when fired

Two mugs with unglazed bottom showing a super vitreous clay

Although not clearly visible on this photo, the unglazed body surface on both pieces has a sheen, like a glaze. And broken surfaces appear like glass, this can be seen in the broken chips on the right. Because it is angular that foot-ring is plucking all the way around. To prevent this on the other mug (left), the angle was rounded and it was fired on silica sand. This body is Plainsman 3D, wet-screened to 325 mesh with 10% feldspar. Because it is so fine-grained and contaminant-free it tolerates firing to the point of vitrification, reaching zero-porosity-density (most stonewares, and even whitewares, will blister if this is attempted). But this body does more, it can be fired cones higher and it not only resists bloating but continues to develop strength! Many potters do not realize how strong ware can be when it is fully vitrified like this. How high could this be fired? Until pieces warp during firing. These are not warping at all! If you want to make restaurant ware, knowing about super-durability is important.

Links

Glossary	Soluble Salts In ceramics, certain compound in clays and glazes can dissolve into the water, then on drying these are left on the surface.
Glossary	Vitrification The term vitrified refers to the fired state of a piece of porcelain or stoneware. Vitrified ware has been fired high enough to make it very strong, hard and dense.
Glossary	Kiln Wash A high-melting powder applied to kiln shelves to prevent ware from sticking to the shelf during firing. It is also used as a parting agent for to keep elements of fired ware from sticking to each other.
Glossary	Sulfates Soluble sulfates in clay produce efflorescence, an unsightly scum that mars the fired surface of structural and functional ceramic products.

By Tony Hansen