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LDW - LOI/Density/Water Content Test

This test is most valuable to measure the water content of wet clay samples. Knowing water content is especially important when doing SHAB tests. This is because, while drying shrinkage is dependent mainly on plasticity, the water content of a clay can significantly affect it also. Thus, for an accurate drying shrinkage comparison between two or more clays, they should have water contents that are as close to the same as possible. As a bonus for this test, more data can be collected after firing to the get LOI of the clay.

Lab testing a clay for its physical properties

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It only takes a few minutes to make these. But you would be amazed at how much information they can give you about a clay! These are SHAB test bars, an LDW test for water content and a DFAC test disk about to be put into a drier. The SHAB bars shrink during drying and firing, the length is measured at each stage. The LDW sample is weighed wet, dry and fired. The tin can prevents the inner portion of the DFAC disk from drying and this sets up stresses that cause it to crack. The nature of the cracking pattern and its magnitude are recorded as a Drying Factor. The numbers from all of these measurements are recorded in my account at Insight-live. It can present a complete physical properties report that calculates things like drying shrinkage, firing shrinkage, water content and LOI (from the measured values).

Measuring the length of an EPK test bar to get its drying shrinkage

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A 10cm mark was made in the plastic bar during preparation (we dip the ends of the marker-tool into talc powder, as a parting agent, to get a crisp mark). These bars are made from the same clay, a shipment of EPK kaolin, each bar is measured dry, fired at its assigned temperature and measured again (to supply data for the SHAB test). As fired length numbers become available and are entered into the recipe record, Insight-live is able to calculate and display more of the drying and fired shrinkages. Values for the DFAC test disk and the LDW test bar can also be assessed an entered at this time.

Testing the water content of a ceramic glaze

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In this case I need to know the water content of a glaze to know how many grams of CMC gum to add to achieve a 0.5% addition (to improve brushing properties). I put a teaspoon of the glaze (well stirred) on the tray. It weighed 5.04g (this 0.01g scale is accurate to 1/100th of a gram). Then I dried it under a heat lamp and now it weighs 2.46g. The water content of the slurry is thus (5.04 - 2.46) / 5.04 * 100 = 51.2%. That means the solids content is 100 - 51.2 = 48.8%. I want to blender mix 0.5% CMC into this brushing glaze (because it is drying too fast). The jar with glaze weighs 680g and the jar itself weighs 35g. Thus 680-35=645. 48.8% of 645 is 315g of powder. 0.5% of 315 is 315 * .005 = 1.6g of CMC gum.

Variables

Wet Weight - Dry Weight / Wet Weight * 100

Dry Weight - Fired Weight / Dry Weight * 100

Oil Weight / (Oil Weight - Immersed Weight)

Enter the weight of the freshly prepared sample. This should have been written on the sample when it was made.

Enter the weight of the sample after thorough drying. This should be written on the sample in ceramic pencil. It is important that the specimen be dried for several hours in at 100C+. Failure to do this can easily result in 0.5% errors.

Very fine clays (i.e. mix of 10% raw bentonite with 90% calcined bentonite) can have a water content of 40%. Coarser clays will have good workability at 18-20%.

Enter the weight of the specimen after firing. Specimens must be fired to a consistent temperature, i.e. cone 06.

Enter the weight of the specimen after it has dried after being immersed in a liquid the will prevent water absorption during weighing under water (i.e. silicone sealant, wax emulsion, brick or concrete sealer).

Enter the weight of the sample under water. When weighing, be sure the scale is zeroed, the sample is completely under the surface, and no air bubbles are trapped on its lower surface.

Procedure

1. Purpose

This test measures water content, LOI, and density all from the same test specimen. It should be done using small samples which are big enough to stamp and write weights on, but small enough to be able to weigh on a scale designed to provide the ability to suspend objects under water. Density is measured on the principle that water buoys up an object by a force equal to the weight of the water it displaces. That means the difference between the weight of an object in air and under water equals the weight of the water it displaces. Since water weighs 1 gram/cc, the difference is also the objects volume in cc.

L.O.I. is expressed as a percent loss in weight. This figure is derived by preparing clay bars, drying thoroughly above the boiling point, weighing, firing past sintering, (about cone 04) then weighing again, and calculating the percent loss in weight. This loss in weight can be due to organic material in the clay (coal, wood etc), water of crystallization, and the liberation of various gases by chemical processes taking place on heating. Different types of clay minerals have different LOI's. (ie. Kaolin loses 13-15% of crystal water) A typical L.O.I. for a native pottery clay is between 4 and 8%. If the bulk of weight loss is from coal and carbonaceous matter, problems like pinholing, pitting of the surface, and black coring in reduction can result (black coring causes weakening and changes in thermal expansion). Ball clays are commonly high in carbon and organic content. Keeping an eye on LOI helps to note differences in mineralogy, likelihood to pinhole or bloat, and tendency to produce fumes during firing.

It is best to intermesh the procedure for this test with the SOLU and SHAB tests, making the specimens for each at the same time.

Related information on the theory, purpose, procedure and interpretation for this test is available in the Magic of Fire II book.

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