Black Coring

A common fault in reduction gas fired ceramic ware made from iron bearing clays. The interior cross section of the clay turns black.

Details

Black coring usually occurs during a reduction firing and is a result of fast firing and/or lack of oxygen in the kiln between 700 and 900C (usually in the bisque firing). If body carbon fails to oxidize to CO₂ it steals oxygen from Fe₂O₃ (reducing it to FeO, a powerful flux.) This FeO will then flux the body, sealing it and preventing the escape of remaining carbon in the body. This produces the characteristic 'black core' you see on ware cross section. The more iron in a body, the greater the risk of this problem if firing is not right. Once iron is reduced to it is very difficult to reoxidize it back to Fe₂O₃.

Notwithstanding this, there will always be some degree of blackness (or gray) in the cross section of reduction fired ware made from iron-bearing raw clays. This is a testament to compromises of reduction firing. As long as it does not exhibit glass development and melting it is likely OK.

Note that electric kilns can also produce this problem, depending on the carbon and iron content of the clay, density of the pack, available airflow, and speed of the firing.

Related Information

Carbon burnout in a ball clay

A broken test bar of ball clay fired to cone 10 reduction. Notice the black carbon core. Ball clays commonly contain carbon, many have a noticeable grey color in the raw state because of this. Notice it has not burned out despite the fact that the clay itself is still fairly porous, the firing was slow and the temperature reached was high. Ball clay typically does not comprise more than 30% of a body recipe so its opportunity to burn away is sufficient. However some specialized bodies have a much higher percentage.

Lignite can be big trouble

Example of the lignite particles in a fireclay (Pine Lake) that have been exposed on the rim of a vessel after sponging. This is a coarse clay, but if it were incorporated into a recipe of a stoneware, glaze pinholing would be likey.

Iron oxide goes crazy in reduction

Cone 6 iron bodies that fire non-vitreous and burn tan or brown in oxidation can easily go dark or vitreous chocolate brown (or even melting and bloated in reduction). On the right is Plainsman M350, a body that fires light tan in oxidation, notice how it burns deep brown in reduction at the same temperature. This occurs because the iron converts to a flux and the glass development that occurs brings out the dark color. On the left is Plainsman M2, a raw high iron clay that is quite vitreous in oxidation, but in reduction it is bloating badly. When reduction bodies are this vitreous there is a much great danger of black coring.

Black coring relates to body maturity

These broken shards are from the vertical walls of similar cylindrical vessels. But they are not the same clay body. Both of the vessels were fired in the same cone 10R kiln. Both contain about the same amount iron. Both were glazed inside and out. But the body on the left is more vitreous and finer. The one on the right contains grog and is more porous. It is able to vent gases of decomposition better.

Links

Articles	Organic Matter in Clays: Detailed Overview A detailed look at what materials contain organics, what its effects are in firing (e.g. black core), what to do to deal with the problem and how to measure the amount of organics in a clay material.
Glossary	Bloating When clay materials and bodies bubble as they melt or over fire. This normally happens in raw materials that contain particulates that produce gases during firing.
Temperatures	Organic burnout (250C-370C)

By Tony Hansen