Titanium Dioxide
Anatase, Brookite
Formula: TiO2
| DENS - Density (Specific Gravity) |
4.26 |
| HMOH - Hardness (Moh) |
6.5 |
| MLPT - Melting Point (MP) |
1830C |
TiO2 occurs in many silicates in nature, accounting for over 1% of the earth's crust. Thus it is manufactured using a variety of materials and processes.
Although titanium is the strongest white pigment known for many uses, in ceramics the whiteness (and opacity) it imparts to glazes is due to its tendency to crystallize during cooling. While titanium dioxide is used in glazes as an opacifier, it is not as effective and easy-to-use as tin oxide or zircon. It can be used as an additive to enliven (variegate, crystallize) the color and texture of glazes (rutile works in a similar manner). In moderate amounts it encourages strong melts, durable surfaces and rich visual textures.
Titanium is available both as raw and surface treated products. Non-pigmentary grades flow more freely in the dry state. Self opacified enamels are made by adding titanium during smelting to super saturation. Upon firing the enamel, the titanium crystallizes or precipitates to produce the opacity. Titania is also used in dry process enameling on cast iron appliances for its effect on acid resistance, color and texture. In glass, non-pigmentary titanium dioxide increases refractive index, intensifies color.
Mechanisms
Glaze Crystallization - Crystallization TiO2 dissolves into the melt during firing but normally re-crystallizes (or acts as a crystallization catalyst) during cooling (with rutile structure). Glaze Matteness - Crystal Matte Titanium can be used in glazes to produce a matte surface with increasing amounts of crystallization in amounts up to 25%. The effect works in most stoneware glazes and is better when the glaze is slow cooled. Glaze Opacifier - White Titanium is a crystalline mineral and encourages crystal development during cooling and freezing of the glaze melt. This generally produces opacity. However, titanium opacified glazes have a much different character than zircon or tin types. The latter produces a much more even and bright white coloration. When used as an opacifier the batch amount can range to 10% or more of the recipe. Glaze Variegation - Titanium Smaller amounts of titanium dioxide (i.e. 5%) added to colored or opacified recipes can variegate the surface and make it more interesting (e.g. it alters the shape of crystals, shade of colors).
Out Bound Links
- (URLs)
Interesting deposit in South America
http://www.inminex.com/ - (Minerals - Parent mineral)
Rutile
Rutile is the mineral name for natural crystals of... - (Minerals - Parent mineral)
Brookite
A mineral form on titanium dioxide. - (Glossary - Unspecified)
Opacifier, Opacification
A glaze additive that transforms an otherwise tran... - (Hazards - General)
Titanium Dioxide
Hazards of this material in the ceramic industry a... - (Minerals - Parent mineral)
Anatase
A mineral form of titanium dioxide. - (Typecodes)
1: GNM - Generic Material
- (Typecodes)
1: OPA - Opacifier
- (MDT - Member)
Europe
Countries of Eastern Europe and former Soviet Unio... - (MDT - Member)
Australia
We are working on this database and would apprecia... - (MDT - Member)
Asia
All of Asia including Turkey, Russia, Indosnesia, ... - (URLs)
Titanium dioxide at Wikipedia
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Titanium_Dioxide - (MDT - Member)
Africa
All of continental Africa. We are working on this ... - (MDT - Member)
Latin and South America
Latin America and South America. We are working on... - (MDT - Member)
New Zealand
We are working on this database and would apprecia... - (MDT - Member)
North America
The decision about what materials to include in th... - (MDT - Member)
UK
We are working on this database and would apprecia... - (MDT - Member)
Crystal Glazes
These materials are specially defined for makers o...
In Bound Links
- (Materials - Related)
Rutile - TiO2 - Iron Titanium Mineral
- (Oxides - Closest material equivalent)
TiO2 - Titanium Dioxide, Titania
Pictures
The variegating effect of a thin layer of titanium dioxide (outside of bowl) on GA6-D Alberta Slip glaze at cone 6
Thin titanium band sprayed over cone 6 glazes demonstrates crystallization. The first is on GA6-A, the rest on GA6-C. The last has been applied too thickly.
XML for Import into INSIGHT
<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<material name="Titanium Dioxide" descrip="Anatase, Brookite" searchkey="TiO2" loi="0.00" casnumber="98084-96-9">
<oxides>
<oxide symbol="TiO2" name="Titanium Dioxide, Titania" status="U" percent="100.000" tolerance=""/>
</oxides>
</material> | 
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